Unit 5 Reflection

In this unit we talked about DNA and RNA. We learned the differences between DNA and RNA. WE learned that RNA can be a substitute for DNA and the RNA will move on somewhere else. There are three types of RNA: messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosome RNA. WE learned all of these function and their roles. We also were thought about genes and gene regulation and gene expression. We also were thought how DNA can be altered causing a mutation which was formed by a mutagen which is anything that causes a mutation. In this unit I had many successes and setbacks and many strengths and weaknesses. My strengths were knowing mutations and also DNA and messenger, transfer, and ribosome RNA. For mutation we had three main mutations: Deletion, insertion, and substitution. Deletion is taking away a part of the DNA while insertion is adding part , but substitution is replacing it with another. Some of my downs however included DNA replication and transcription and translation. I believe that as a student I am growing and accomplishing more than ever. I believe that I am a better student than yesterday or a week ago and so on. I believe i am doing better because I am starting to apply myself. I feel like the only thing that was holding me back is myself. I am Holding myself back by no applying myself to do what i can fully accomplish. After I took the Vark Questionnaire I used that information and used in my study's and used part id it in my cheat sheet and study guides. From doing the questionnaire I did some visual techniques and used it in my srtudy guide and cheat sheet. When I used that technique it really helped me to realize where it is and what it looks like and on a test it it shows a diagram I can be like oh ya, I know that it was on my study guide.

Protein synthesis lab recap

In this lab we asked the question, how does the body produce proteins. The steps required to make a protein are complicated. There are 5 steps to the sequence of making a protein. First off the messenger RNA is made by a strand of DNA. Then the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm meeting with the ribosome. After that the mRNA goes through the ribosome three bases at a time. Them tRNA matches up with the open DNA bases. Finally the tRNA releases the amino acids at the top, which joins the chain of amino acids being produced.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression

In this lab we Tested three mutations, including  substitution, deletion and insertion. For substitution we replaced a letter in the sequence with another letter changing the outcome. For deletion we deleted a letter changing the outcome of the protein. Finally, for the insertion, we added a letter changing the outcome of the protein. With these mutations the outcome can be a whole lot different to it didn't matter. It depended on where the letter was changed. If the letter was mutated in the front it could be severe and be totally different whole if it was in the back it probably would not do anything depending on the rest of the DNA.



http://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/239/10nucleic.gif?revision=1


I chose substitution because substitution can either totally change the DNA or not do anything at all. This Mutation is different than deletion and insertion because with deletion you are getting rid of a letter and for insertion you are adding a letter while substitution is getting one by giving one. it matters where the mutation occurs because if it occurs in the back it might not change anything and still be the same but if it is mutated in the front the entire thing will be changed and can totally Mutate it.

http://islaslab.wikispaces.com/file/view/additionmutation.jpg/226983790/additionmutation.jpg

Mutations can affect your life in a huge way and can be very serious or be very small. Missense mutation is a mutation where changes the DNA base pair do to substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.
made




https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/possiblemutations

Human DNA Extraction Lab Recap

In this lab we asked the question, "How can DNA be separated from cheek cells in order to study it?" In this lab we found that by using a polar liquid(Gatorade) we can extract DNA from our mouth getting cell tissue from our checks. Qualitative observations: We used a small amount of Gatorade mixed with a pinch of salt, put it in our mouth then swirled it in our mouth for a minute spat it out,  then put it in a test tube mixing dish soap and pineapple  juice letting it sit for 5 minutes. Soon after we poured it in a test tube, then we put rubbing alcohol in by pouring it in very carefully so it wouldn't be mixed in with each other. The DNA was separated from the Gatorade and into the alcohol. This data supports our claim because without the polar liquid we would not have gotten the DNA extracted from the cheek. If we used nonpolar liquid, the results would not have been the same.

While our hypothesis was supported by our data, there could have been errors due to a member in our group accidentally spilled his/her experiment onto the table do to s/he did no think we needed to hold the top of the test tube while mixing the solutions. Do to this error our time was was extended and we didn't have all the information we should have had. We also had a situation where we didn't have enough rubbing alcohol so a member in our group poured the rubbing alcohol in too fast mixing the mixture with the alcohol  not getting the DNA fully separated in time. Due to these errors, in future experiments I would recommend that all our members are on the same page and are collaborating more on what to do and how to do it. I also recommend that when mixing the two liquids we our it in carefully and not too fast so we don't get the experiment wrong.

This lab was done to demonstrate that we can get DNA from our cheek cells by using polar liquid and other solutions. From this lab I learned how easy it is to get DNA from our body and how polar liquid extracts cells from the body which help me understand the concept of how doctors get DNA from swabbing the mouths of their patients to get DNA. Based on my experience from this lab I can apply this to comparing DNA to other animals and make a new lab stating how are we different and compare the two DNA structures.

Unit 4 Refletion

In class, we recently were assigned a lab called the coin sex lab. In this lab we used a coin to determine different traits of the child. The two sides represented dominant or recessive, mom and dad and more. This lab was based on probability and likelihood. the probability of it landing on heads is 1/2 but the probability of it landing on heads 3 times in a row is 1/8. There is a 50% chance of it landing on heads or tails or being dominant or recessive or boy or girl. My expected results were that it would be 50% chance but didn't turn out that way The outcome turned out to have different percentages.  The limit of using probability to predict our offspring's traits is that in this lab we only flipped a coin 10 times limiting us to our likelihoods. Knowing what we were taught in this lab in showed me how something can go either way. How something has a probability and can never turn out as it seems. It tells me/ shows me what will happen in the future when I have kids and what to expect. When I was born I was born with blonde hair while my dad had brown and my mom has blonde. The recessive trait which was blonde was given to me instead of the dominant alleles.

In this Unit we learned about genetics. Genetics helps define who we are, what we are and why we are this. In genetics we learned about Dominant and recessive, Sexual and asexual reproduction, crosses, traits, gene-linkange and genes, inheritance and more. We also learned about meiosis and mitosis. Some of the themes and understandings of this unit is the cell cycle, and why sex is so great.

My strengths and successes was in this unit was probability's and doing the  Punnett squares finding out the likelihood, probability, and percentage chances. Also I was great at knowing the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction was and what they did. For my weaknesses and setbacks, I got confused on some of the vocabulary in this unit. Also remembering the phases in mitosis and what they do.

From all these experiences we had including the labs and projects and vodcasts... I think the one thing that helped me the most and got my full grasp on this concept was the infographic on "why is sex so great?" From doing the infographic I learned more about the information by researching it and going back into my notes. By doing the infographic we learned everything we did from the vodcast, cfu's, nd notes in one project. We took stuff from our knowledge reliable sources and Mr. Orre's vodcasts to find information on these subjects. The infographic had info on mitosis, meiosis, sexual and asexual reproduction, inheritance, gene linkage etc.

This unit helped me get a better grasp on life and made me a better student helping figuring questions I didn't even know to ask. questions this would have been unanswered if not for this unit.

http://www.chmgenetherapy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/X-Linked-carrier-mother.jpg






http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/pattymcginnis/506/Images/mitosis4.gif


using  http://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/?p=results I found that...

The VARK Questionnaire

Your VARK Results

Your scores were:

• Visual 3
• Aural 7
• Read/Write 7
• Kinesthetic 4

I was not really surprised by these results. I had an idea that it was going to be this way. Using these ways to help me study on the next test would be helpful. I can draw a diagram and the show information under showing what it is and about.

Dr. Tatiana's sex information to all creation

       There is two kinds of reproduction sexual and asexual. Sexual and asexual are two very different things even though they have the same purpose. Asexual reproduction yields offspring genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction there are two parents that contribute genetic information that is randomly mixed to produce unique offspring.
       The question we asked was, is sex important? My answer we be yes. Sex is important human and other species survival. for humans if we produced asexually we would only need one parent which would make the baby the same as that parent but if humans produced sexually there would be two parents. When there are two parent, the genes from those parents combine and mix with each other creating another human with similarities like them but no exactly the same.

Unit 3 Reflection

In this unit we learned about cells. How cells are the smallest unit of life and most important. How all things are made up of cells. How there are two types of cell in life: Prokaryote and Eukaryote. A Prokaryote has no nucleus while a Eukaryote does. We also learned about cell membranes asking the question, "wy are membranes and their characteristics so essential to life. We also leaned about what a cell does. A specializes in making proteins which i essential for our body. What does photosynthesis do? Photosynthesis is process that converts sunlight into energy. This only works for plants and not animals.  We also learned why cells are so small. Cells are small do to a process called diffusion. We also learned about a cell wher ethe solvent can take over the solute  which is called hypotponic and can explode. In this unit we also learned about cellular respiration.

Egg Diffusion Lab

          In this Lab we experimented on an egg. We removed the shell by using vinegar to remove when combining the to in a beaker. Later we drained the vinegar out leaving us with the egg. We put the egg in a different beaker increasing the sugar water in it. The mass and circumference of the egg both dropped significantly. The sugar water being the solute and the egg being the solvent they make the solution. 

          A cells Internal environment changes as its external environment changes because  of a process called diffusion. the vinegar increased the the mass and circumference of the egg making it hypotonic. While the water made the egg even bigger do to the solvent gaining while the solute wasn't. The salt decreased the mass and circumference do to the solvent was leaving while the solute was gaining in the process called hypertonic. 
          This lab demonstrates a biological principal by diffusion. Diffusion is a process where cells diffuse making the cell smaller or bigger being hypertonic or hypotonic.
          Fresh veggies are sprinkled with water to help keep the veggies fresh even when they are out of the ground. The water helps diffuse the veggies cells by increasing the solvent, when they would not sprinkle water the solvent would decrease and only have solute. When a road is icy they put salt on it to increase the solute do to there is too much solvent(ice/water).
          Based off of this experiment I would like to experiment what salt would do to a orange overnight or in a week. see if the solute adds to much and the solvent leaves or if the solvent stays and remains the same.

egg macromolecules lab

           In this lab we asked the question, can macromolecules be identified in an egg cell. We found that an egg represents a cell. Meaning macromelucules are found int he same area. For the qualitative data we found that egg membrane and egg yolk always turned purple for every test stating that they have protein in them. Meaning that the Macromolecule was present. For the quantitative data we found that the darker the purple the higher the amount of macromolecules that were present. Ig the color did no change at all we noticed there was no macromolecules there. This evidence and data also comes from Mr. Orre's vodacasts for homework and also the CFU's. This data supports our claim because all the data we found we would see if the data was correct or no then collaborate on what rating we would give for the 0-10 macromolecule test.
           While our hypothesis was supported by our data, we found out that there could have been errors due to leaving the test tubes in too long leaving the experiment to go over while others were on target. Or since one of our members of our group left early we had to do their part where they left off not knowing where they were. Due to these errors, I would recommend the person to tell us everything they did be for leaving so the other group members would know what to do next time. Also I recommend that the tools to get the test tubed out of the water are easier to use.
            This lab was done to demonstrate the macromolecules were present in the negative control (water), the egg membrane, the egg yolk, and the egg white. From this lab I learned the ways to see if the macromolecules were present and why they were present which helps me understand the concept of what macromolecules are in what part of a cell if its the nucleus, membrane etc. 

Unit 2 Reflection

                This unit was about lipids, enzymes, carbohydrates etc. The essential understandings is how increasing molecular complexity serves as building blocks for life. Also the different factors affecting enzyme functions. Carbohydrates play a big role in building blocks giving us an energy source. Asking our selves why water is wet and why it sticks to certain things. From the labs I completed I learned about the different curdling agents and how Ph and temperature affects them From acid and bases to hot and cold. the best curdling agent for cheeses is chymosin mixed with acid with decreases the curdling time while buttermilk in hot water takes over 20 minutes. During labs our strength was working together and being collaborative. Our weakness was that we used the same materials making some of our answers incorrect and false. 

                From these experiences I learned how to work together in a group and got a better understanding of carbohydrates, lipids and enzymes while working. I learned by paying attention and doing my part. I also learned how to have the correct data and not the data to be false by not doing something by not washing out the beakers or cleaning up something. 

                 I want to learn moire about carbohydrates and how they affect ones body and their immune system. How do carbohydrates work in the body and how does it covert into sugars proteins and fats. 

Sugars and sweetness lab

            In this lab we tested 8 different Carbohydrates to see the type of Carbohydrate it was the degree of sweetness, color, texture, and other observations/ connections to food. We found the different degree of sweetness, color, texture and other observations by seeing what it looks like feeling it and tasting it. The qualitative data is when we tasted it and tasted the degree of sweetness and when we felt the texture of the carbohydrate. Quantitative is when we figured out the degree we had to see what number would best fit that. 
             Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality. For example, small carbohydrate molecules bonded to lipids in cell membranes improve cell identification, cell signaling, and complex immune system responses. 
              No everyone in the group got the same answer. We all had different answers do to we are all different. First off we have different taste buds and react different to taste. Second not every molecule tastes the same and tastes different. Thirdly we all have different opinions and react differently to everything.
           Taste is a chemical when using your taste buds with cells called raptor cells. Flavor is a mix of multiple senses. To have flavor, the brain interacts with the stimuli, but also olfactory, stimuli and tactile and thermal sensations. With spicy food the brain will process it as a different category.

Conclusion

Conclusion

In this lab we asked the question, "how does each concentration of bleach affect a 5x5 in square of jeans?" We found that the higher percentage of bleach has the most dis colorization on the jeans. The different measures of bleach was used. 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of bleach concentration and we would see which one had the most dis colorization. Knowing that bleach whitens things we started an experiment to see what the different percentages would do with water at 0% and pure bleach at 100% and etc. An example of this is that it is known that bleach whitens/ cleans things but with a certain amount of solution but when having pure bleach the fabric will not be the same do to it being damaged and the fabrics color going away. This data supports our claim because the different amount of bleach has different affects with 0%- 100%.

While our hypothesis was supported by our data,that the higher percentage of bleach will have higher damage rate. There could have been errors due to we used the same container for each set of jeans and the bleach could've been still in the cup do to we never washed the beaker. Making some of our data false.

This lab was done to demonstrate the different affects of bleach and hoe it affects jeans with different percentages of bleach and water. From this lab I learned that bleach has a major affect and a lot of fabric damage and dis colorization which helps me learn the concept of how things are different when you delude them. Based on my experiences from this lab I learned that you can use powerful things to a certain extant by deluding it and making it weaker.